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MARYLAND AT A GLANCE

CHESAPEAKE BAY

Charting the Chesapeake, 1590-1990

[photo, Seagull at pier, Chesapeake Beach, Maryland]


Boating Waters	Critical Area	Main Basin


Seafood	Water Frontage	Watershed

Seagull at pier, Chesapeake Beach, Maryland, December 2002. Photo by Diane F. Evartt.

In North America, the Chesapeake Bay is the largest estuary, a semi-enclosed coastal body of water with a free connection to the open sea.

Some 35 million years ago, a bolide, an object similar to a comet or asteroid, struck the present-day Delmarva Peninsula, creating a 55-mile-wide crater. The depression created by the crater changed the course of rivers and determined the location of the Chesapeake Bay. The Bay, as we know it today, was created about 10,000 years ago when melting glaciers flooded the Susquehanna River Valley. Today, fresh water from land drainage measurably dilutes seawater within the Bay. For ocean-going ships, the Bay is navigable with two outlets to the Atlantic Ocean: north through the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal in Cecil County, and south through the mouth of the Bay between the Virginia capes.

Native Americans living along its shores gave the Bay an Algonquin name. Chesepiook, meaning "great shellfish bay," was used to signify the abundance of Bay crabs, oysters, and clams. In June 1608, Captain John Smith led two voyages throughout the Chesapeake Bay, and in its midst European settlers first landed at St. Clement's Island, Maryland, in 1634. Through the lower portion of the Bay, pirates settled and attacked ships off the coast. And, at its southernmost reaches during the Civil War, the first ironclads, the Confederate Merrimac and the Union's Monitor, fought to a draw near Hampton Roads, Virginia, in March 1862. Many shipwrecks, remains of vessels sunk by natural forces, human error, or attack, lie deep under the Chesapeake Bay.

Skipjacks under sail. Photo by Chuck Prahl.

Generations of watermen have made their living harvesting the bounty of the Bay, while recreational fishing, hunting, and boating attract millions of people each year and contribute significantly to Maryland's economy. Major annual seafood harvests include millions of bushels of crabs, oysters, clams, and eels.

Three Maryland agencies bear particular responsibility for Bay matters. The Department of Agriculture directs the Office of Resource Conservation which oversees Chesapeake Bay Agricultural Programs. The Department of the Environment works on behalf of the Bay through its Science Services Administration. The Department of Natural Resources supports the work of the Critical Area Commission for the Chesapeake and Atlantic Coastal Bays (formerly Chesapeake Bay Critical Area Commission) and oversees Aquatic Resources.

Information about the Bay, including its history and effect on regional culture, may be found at the Chesapeake Bay Maritime Museum at St. Michaels.

MAIN BASIN
AREA
	Maryland	1,726 square miles
	Virginia	1,511 square miles
LENGTH		195 miles
WIDTH
	(widest near Cape Charles, Virginia)	30 miles
	(narrowest at Annapolis)	4 miles
SHORELINE		4,600 miles
DEPTH
	average	25 feet
	greatest (southeast of Annapolis)	174 feet
TIDAL RANGE
	at Annapolis	1 foot
	at head	2 feet
	at mouth	3 feet
VOLUME		18 trillion gallons
SURFACE SALINITY (parts per thousand)
	at mouth	30 ppt
	midway to head	15 ppt
	above fall line	00 ppt
	surface to bottom	2-3 ppt

WATER FRONTAGE

Sixteen of Maryland's 23 counties and Baltimore City border on tidal water.

WATERSHED

The rivers, creeks, and streams which flow into the Bay, the land surrounding them, and the Bay itself make up the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Three main tributaries flow into the Bay, and contribute 80% of the Bay's fresh water. The largest of these is the Susquehanna River, followed by the Potomac River, and Virginia's James River. The total number of tributaries to the Bay watershed is 419, and the watershed area itself totals some 64,000 square miles in parts of six states: Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New York, Virginia, West Virginia-and the District of Columbia.

The Bay watershed provides rich habitat for an abundance of life. In addition to resident species of fish and wildlife, the Bay supports large winter populations of migratory waterfowl and provides spawning, nursery and feeding grounds for ocean fish. This diversity enables some 2,700 different species of plants and animals to live in the Bay area. Research on the Chesapeake Bay and its watershed is conducted by the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science.

According to the Chesapeake Bay Program, the number of people living within the Bay's watershed was 17.5 million in 2011, up from 17.4 million in 2010. Scientists project that the population of the watershed will approach 19 million by 2020.

Chesapeake Bay Commission
Chesapeake Bay Critical Area Commission
Chesapeake Bay Trust
Maryland State Crustacean
Maryland State Fish
Maryland State Reptile
Maryland Constitutional Offices & Agencies
Maryland Departments
Maryland Independent Agencies
Maryland Executive Commissions, Committees, Task Forces, & Advisory Boards
Maryland Universities & Colleges
Maryland Counties
Maryland Municipalities
Maryland at a Glance

CHESAPEAKE BAY

MAIN BASIN

AREA

LENGTH

WIDTH

SHORELINE

DEPTH

TIDAL RANGE

VOLUME

SURFACE SALINITY (parts per thousand)

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SURFACE SALINITY
(parts per thousand)

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e-mail: mdmanual@mdarchives.state.md.us